Market Data Analysis: Weird Influences

This home is 20 minutes from our office. No problems… right? One of the most difficult things to determine the impact on marketability of is odd influences. The home above looks like a typical home in much of the greater Pittsburgh area - an older structure, with need of some repairs and a sloped yard. That’s relatively easy to find comparables for.

Ok, now we have an issue. Those are high tension power lines very close to the right side of the home. We’re going to need to determine the influence on value of that, but that’s not the only home in the area with that influence… this will be fine. We can take homes that are built near power lines and similar homes that are not and compare the market reaction to determine the impact (paired sales analysis).

Wait…. they built the house between high tension powerlines, not next to. Now we have extra questions that we have to answer, 1) Can this structure legally be rebuilt if destroyed? 2) Do you get super powers if you live there long enough? 3) We would need to call real estate professionals for their opinion of what impact this could have (ie. What percent of the buyer pool would never consider this home? Of those remaining, what kind of discount would they expect?) We’re also very likely looking at a cash buyer only, as no lender would want to write a note on this.

It’s also built next to an overpass? Ok… again we can extract that from other sales, however, now we have multiple external influences that are interacting with each other. Do they compound, and create an negative influence higher than their sum… or is there a limit at which the negative appeal levels out.

OK… Again, not the only house in the area across from a storage facility, but all at once. I think we have a one of a kind. NOTE: Lenders don’t like “one of a kind.”

The view across the street… a substation and another overpass (easy to miss through all the transmission lines).

When a home has an odd influence on value, there are ways to extract the impact on value - paired sales and depreciated cost approach being most common. However, when these elements begin to “interact” or stack up in a single property or when data is sparse an appraiser may need to rely on the “survey method” and discuss the influence with market participants (brokers, agents, appraisers) to get expert opinions to base their judgement on. Town and Country has a list of brokers and agents with decades of experience that we call on a regular basis for assistance… because sometimes its weird out there.

National vs Local Trends: "Reversion to the Mean"

Above: 1970-2019 National median home price % increase VS. home construction % increase

There is lots of talk of national home prices increasing since 2008 and having stalled in 2018-2019 and what the possible causes could be, but what does that have to do with our local market. For years the national trend has been increasing at around 3% per year, however, very few areas in western Pennsylvania have seen this kind of return. The bad news is that western PA tends to lag the national trend. The good news is that this means that housing market crashes are far less severe in western PA due to a principle called “mean reversion.”

Perhaps the greatest lesson we can take away from national home prices is that when home prices suddenly appreciate away from their normal growth curve (see the black line above) they tend to then crash back through that curve, or “revert to the mean.” (for a very in depth look at this, and the many factors that are at work in real estate). Further, we can take a look at the relationship of building cost to the median home price - factors that certainly should affect one another. As seen above around 1990 and 2006 there were two hard reversions towards not only the mean, but also towards the building cost curve. Lets take a closer look at the time frame from 1990 forward.

As seen here, after the flattening of the curve in 1990 there was a 10 year period where the two moved in concert. However, in 2000 the median home price begins to accelerate rapidly, ending in a reversion below its mean in 2006-2009. For the next 2 years the two again move in concert, until approximately 2012 where median home prices again break to the upside, now seeming to make a top in 2018-2019.

What will the next 2 years look like in the national market? (See the green and red lines above).

1. IF the mean line of the last 10 years is in fact the new normal, there could be a flattening of growth similar to that of 1990, with little appreciation, and perhaps some regional loses in areas that experienced the greatest growth.

2. IF the mean line of the last 10 years is not the new normal, there could be a hard reversion closer to that of builder growth levels. This could indicate a decline more on the order of 2008.

What does that mean for western PA?

Sadly data becomes more limited and unreliable further back in time in the West Penn Multi List which covers much of western PA.

A few take aways from this data

1. Median home prices per quarter are very seasonal.

2. The housing crisis of 2006-2010” nationally was far shorter in this region. While 10-12 months nationally in length, that number is nearly halved to 6 in western PA.

3. The housing crisis was not nearly as deep for our region.

4. Median home price increases are out pacing building costs.

If a reversion to the mean occurs (is occurring nationally), western PA will like experience some pull back in home prices, however, not nearly as deep as the national trend. If national home prices only flatten, this will likely have little effect on the region as a whole, with the exception of areas that have experienced high growth.

Here is someone in 2006 seeing the “reversion to the mean” coming: https://seekingalpha.com/article/18667-housing-what-does-return-to-mean-really-mean

Fluffing, decreases home values

Why are real estate agents among the top 10 most hated professions? Why is “fluffing” a property ok, but “lying” about a property is an ethics violation… and more importantly, where is the line. We’ve seen 1 bedroom homes “fluffed” into 4 bedrooms, and 0 bath homes “fluffed” into 1 bath homes - BY BROKERS?! Where is the standard?

Most home buyers have encountered a “lying listing” — the house for sale that doesn’t even remotely resemble its colorful description in the Multiple Listing Service or classified ad. Jon Boyd, past president of the National Association of Exclusive Buyer Agents, joined forces with NAEBA members worldwide to compile a translation guide of listing agent euphemisms.

They include:

• Grandma’s house: Realtors interpret this to mean a) the house hasn’t been updated since Grandma moved in or b) it still smells like Grandma.

• Great potential: The operative word here is “potential.” The “potential” in one case pointed to the fact that there was a large crack through the center of the foundation caused by an earthquake.

• Light and bright: Bring your sunglasses because everything in this baby will be white: walls, cabinets, tile. Where have you seen this before? Oh yeah, the hospital.

• Meticulously maintained: It could mean the owners never bothered to update the property. Maintenance is admirable for plumbing and HVAC, not so much for cabinets, carpets and windows.

• Mile to the beach as the seagull flies: And you’ll wish you had wings. Those straight-line calculations can mean some pesky traffic lies between you and the lifeguard shack.

• Needs TLC: You may freely substitute “OMG” for “TLC” here. Boyd says the phrase “TLC” often means the house has been abused and requires more than mere redecorating. “The average home buyer who sees HGTV a couple times before they go looking is not sensitive to that,” he says.

• Newer furnace and AC: “Newer” has a certain “truthiness” to it. In one case, both units were 25 years old. When the listing agent was asked why she made such an audacious claim, she replied, “Because each one of them had received a new part within the last year.”

• Retro decor: It’s ’60s flashback time. Can you dig the original paisley vinyl floors and avocado appliances, man? Groovy!

• This house just had a total facelift: Loosely translated, it means the seller painted everything. But paint, like a facelift, can only hide so much.

• This house will go fast: Might have been believable in the first 30 days on the market, but not anymore. One home with this description had been on the market 247 days.

• Turnkey: Meaning they don’t want to have to haul away all that orange-and-brown-plaid-polyester-covered furniture.

• Very bright, sunny home: Often true because there’s not a tree in sight.

• Water view: Of course, you’ll need to stand on the upper deck railing and crane your neck. With binoculars. On an extremely clear day.

But to the original claim that fluffing decreases home values, lets explore how. Lets say we have a home that will need extensive renovation, and is beyond a “handy man’s” skills. What happens if we “Fluff” the property to a home with great “potential?”

1. We list the home, include pictures of all of the home’s positive qualities (lots of exterior pictures of the lot, what little interior pictures we can manage). The seller needs an amount higher than the market value, so we attempt to push the upper end of the limit.

2. Due to the listing, investors pass over the property because it is out of the lower price range that they need in order to make profit. The buyers who do see the property, and visit, quickly realize that the listing sheet is a lie. They leave, justifiably frustrated, asking “What idiot listed that house?!”

3. The property sits, the price decreases, until it finally gets to the level that an investor will consider. However, by this point, an informed investor looks at the long marketing time and makes a lower than typical offer.

Agents, your job is to present your properties in the best light possible - that doesn’t mean to turn off all the lights and keep people in the dark.

How to spot a bad appraiser.

Wouldn’t it be nice if “bad guys” all had mustaches like they did in the old black and white movies?

They ask you at the inspection “So, how much do you need this to come in at?”

That’s a step towards mortgage insurance fraud and a lost license. An appraiser’s data, reasoning and final opinion should be credible, reliable, independent, impartial and objective. The financial collapse of 2008 was a prime example of what happens when various parts of the real estate machine stop functioning objectively and begin to “make deals work.” We occasionally still hear reports of agents and lenders telling homeowners to try to influence the appraiser’s opinion. Make no mistake - these individuals are trying to shift the liability for mortgage fraud from themselves to another party.

The overall health of the real estate market relies upon all parties acting in an ethical fashion, and as a consumer, you have a part to play in that. If you ever experience this from an agent, feel free to call the Pennsylvania Association of Realtors and report an ethics violation by clicking here. If you ever experience this from a loan officer, feel free to report this behavior to the CFPB here. If you feel that an appraiser has artificially inflated a market value opinion, report this behavior to the PA Appraiser Board here.

They hide material defects in their reports.

After nearly 20 years of appraising, we’ve seen some weird things. Wells in living rooms, septic tanks in basements, bomb shelters, and we could go on. An appraiser who runs across one of these items knows that they are in for a long couple of days. Wouldn’t it be nice if they just… left it out of the report? No, that’s fraud.

Appraisers appear before the state board annually who attempt to hide material defects. Perhaps it was because they were lazy and didn’t want to deal with it, or they wanted the deal to go through and knew that the high tension power lines overhead would be an issue. Whatever the reason, these add up to fraud and can have serious penalties.

There are two ways to take a picture of the front of the home above… one hides the defects, and one shows that the property is built between powerlines, next to a highway overpass and across from a storage facility.

They always come in at exactly the contract price.

If agents have done their job, then the contract price should be close to the market value. In an ideal world, both agents fight for the interest of their client (whether the buyer or the seller) and this results in a market value sale. However, the agent has a financial incentive to see the price be as high as possible… because that’s where their commission comes from. We know that most agents don’t allow this to affect them consciously, however, the statistics show that it does have an effect across the country. If an appraiser only even “makes the deal work” then they are not doing their job to protect the interest of their client, who is most often the lender.

They offer to talk to you about everything.

This one is hard to understand. Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice (USPAP) requires that appraisers maintain confidentiality with their clients, and their client is the entity who contracts them to perform the appraisal. In mortgage transactions, this is almost always the bank OR another third party, and almost never the homeowner or buyer. This means that an appraiser following the standards of the profession can not talk to you… even if you paid your bank for the report.

We know that this is frustrating, however, it is the rule that governs the profession. Sadly, to get your questions answered you can not go directly to the appraiser, but rather must go to your lender. If an appraiser says, “I wish I could talk to you, however, you are not my client,” they’re not giving you the run-around, they’re doing their job right.

They “just make it work.”

This is code in the industry that usually means, “We don’t care about a credible report, just put something together that allows us to close this loan!” We’ve addressed above how this can happen in the value or in material defects, but sometimes it has to do with the whole process.

What happens when a property is truly a white elephant? Strange from top to bottom. The appraiser has 0 comparable properties after going back 10 years. The property is so unique that the appraiser fears there isn’t a market for the property (making even the cost approach to value non-credible). Hard work and a lot of research will sometimes reveal credible data with which to make adjustments, but sometimes, there just isn’t data.

Good appraisers at this point turn the assignment down and walk away. Bad appraisers stick their finger in the air and make something up.

Allocation and Land Values

Allocation is a tool used by some appraisers in some areas in order to determine land value. Its often used when no other tools are available. These tools include:

1. Vacant land sales - this analysis is preferred as it gives an up to date look at what vacant land is commanding on the open market. The subject site is considered vacant (without any improvements) and then compared to sales of vacant land in the recent past.

2. Extraction - in this analysis the appraiser calculates the cost to build the structure new, depreciates the improvements to their current condition, and then subtracts this from a sale of the property. According to the model, this should leave the remaining value of the land.

3. Allocation - in this method a percentage is determined from sales in the market area which defines the percent of the value that is the land and the percent that is the improvements. To determine land value, we multiply this factor with the value to determine the land value. This is widely held to be the least accurate as it assumes that an equal factor can be applied over wide areas. While this may be the case in some, very uniform developments in which both the lot sizes and improvements match closely, anywhere else, this becomes increasingly useless.

Why does this matter? Currently in the push towards appraisers not actually visiting properties, there are banks (1st National Bank, for example) that REQUIRE this to be THE method used to determine land value. Lets take a look at how poor of a tool this can be.

This property recently sold for $72,000, with .1515 acres. The county has the following assessment: Land: $4,030; Improvements: $14,840, TOTAL: $18,870. This would mean that land contributes 21.36% of the total value to the property, or ($72,000x.21.36) $15,376.79. Then again, if we apply the Common Level Ratio (the tool that counties use to calculate the fair market value of a property) of 6.94, the county believes the property is worth $130,957.80, or off by 54.98%. Sooo… there’s that.

What does vacant land sales tell us? Well, in the last 10 years there have been 6 vacant parcels sold in the entire school district, so we need to be careful how much weight we place on this method, but it does have some data to show us.

Of the four sales, 3 were considered most comparable to the subject. One is an outlier, but we’ll come back to this. Applying a calculation based on these sales sees an approximate land price of $3926.98 or 392% lower than the allocation method.

From the pictures and county records, the extraction method shows an approximate land price of $4,589 (off by 335%). So, what do we trust? Three prices indicated for the vacant land, and two are within 14.4% of each other, and the other method is sitting 300+% away.

Lets consider the market factors:

1. There have been 6 land sales in the prior 10 years, but there have been 21 offerings that never saw a sale. There is “plenty” of land to be had, but no one to buy it.

2. In the past 10 years there have been 0 new constructions sold on the market in this area of New Kensington/Arnold SD.

3. The appraiser drives through the area with some regularity and knows of no new construction of SFR in that time.

4. The only vacant land sale in the same area as this home was the outlier we talked about earlier. However, this is in a portion of Arnold that has home values below $10,000. That piece of property, being .06 acres sold for $500. This area is located directly adjacent to an industrial area.

So, there is no demand, there is no new construction, and there is a low price industrial area within the market that suppresses overall prices.

Perhaps allocation works in some markets:

1. Markets where the assessor had access to accurate land sales at the time of assessment.

2. Areas where mass new construction immediately follows land purchase.

But in areas where there hasn’t been vacant property changing hands regularly in 30+ years and no demand for new construction, the tool is rusty. You’re more likely to hurt yourself then get the job done right.

APPRAISERS: Stand up to clients who insist you use bad tools.

You... might not be closing.

Jeff Foxworthy mastered the “You might be a redneck…” joke format, and has used it for decades. Today we take some inspiration from his format and apply it with some levity to the real estate market.

If your buyer is using FHA/USDA financing and your house is shedding paint faster than a Husky in Houston… You might not be closing. FHA/USDA/VA have strict rules on peeling paint - even if you have a newer home. If exterior wood surfaces should have covering to protect them, they’ll need to be scraped and painted to pass these minimum standards.

If your buyer is financing their loan, but the foundation is shakier than Evander Holyfield getting an ear exam from Mike Tyson…. You might not be closing. Banks want to know that the collateral (your home) will have at least 30 years of life left.

If your home has unfinished construction/remodeling that even the Clampetts would turn up their noses… you might not be closing. We get it, your home is going to be amazing… once it has a floor and working plumbing. Appraisers are skilled in the art of seeing what isn’t there yet (we have to do it all the time for new construction loans) but many lenders get worried about lending 100% of the money on 50% of a house.

If you priced your 1 bedroom shack based on the mansion down the street because “location, location, location,” … you might not be closing. Location is important, but so is looking at a home like a buyer.

If you did all of the work yourself… without pulling any permits… you might not be closing. If construction has been performed that requires permits by your local municipality, many lenders will have a lot of extra questions.

If you dug for oil but hit the septic tank… you might not be closing. Active environmental hazards need to be addressed before the lender will write a loan.

Get an appraisal BEFORE your subdivision.

I’m a fan of thought experiments (as anyone who reads this page regularly already knows). A thought experiment is a process by which one weighs the information that one has and considers the consequences. Doing this allows the experimenter the ability to make better choices and consider the underlying truths of a situation. Today we’ll apply this to the common practice of subdividing land and discover why it may be helpful (from a value perspective) to have an appraisal beforehand.

Imagine a 50-acre farm, with multiple farm buildings and a farmhouse at its center. The property has rolling hills and is generally a lovely place. However, the landowner, upon their death leaves the land to two sons. Both sons have no interest in keeping the whole farm, however, the younger one does want the house. A neighboring farmer has expressed interest in the property for the purposes of the land only. Perfect! There are buyers for the whole property, all that needs to be done is a subdivision, but where do we draw the lines?

1. The farmer only wants the land. He doesn’t want the two barns on the property, because he has his own buildings and doesn’t want the liability.

2. The younger brother only wants the house and no buildings.

3. The older brother wants the value of both to be as high as possible in order to maximize his inheritance.

Immediately we know that there is going to have to be a compromise. If the farmer has his way, he will own a doughnut-shaped property with the house and buildings in the center owned by the younger brother. Assuming that the house and buildings can sit on only 5 acres, this will leave 45 acres worth of buildings sitting on a 5-acre parcel. Think of it another way: If I have 50 acres of land, and buildings for storing the equipment needed to farm, store, tend, etc that land… what am I going to do with those massive buildings once I no longer need all of that equipment? If the subdivision happens in this way, the “functional utility” (or usefulness) of the barns drops dramatically. In terms of the appraisal problem here:

1. The farmer and the younger brother do not have the “Highest and Best Use” of the property in mind. They want the property cheep, and for their own purposes.

2. Only the older brother in this instance has the highest and best use in mind. In order to maximize the property’s value, it might be necessary to subdivide the property in accordance with the brother’s wish, to preserve the value of the barns and other buildings. It might also be necessary to wait and sell to another party that wants the whole property as is.

Luckily for us, in rural western PA, we have the case study of what happens when this type of situation occurs.

What you see here is a 48.66-acre farm that was subdivided, with a 5-acre parcel removed from the middle. All of the farm’s improvements are on the 5-acre parcel, and there is little room for a hobby sized vegetable garden on the remaining land, much less a farm that would need two large barns with areas for livestock plus other buildings. When this subdivision was made, the usefulness of the outbuildings on the 5 acres of land went to nearly 0. Unless the highest and best use of a commercial venue (rustic farm weddings perhaps) is envisioned, it’s hard to imagine the typical buyer seeing these buildings as anything more than a liability.

How could this be corrected?

1. The owner of the home could seek to sell the buildings to the farmer of the other land.

2. The owner of the home could purchase the farmland back, thus restoring the utility of the outbuildings of their site.

If you find yourself in need of a subdivision, a surveyor can give you the options as to where property lines could be placed. You do need to consult with a valuation expert to determine the highest and best use of the property, the potential buyer pool of the property and what characteristics (site size, improvements, etc) that they expect. Once you have all this information, you will be best prepared to create a subdivision that not only serves the needs of each parcel being created, but gives you the highest and best use resulting in optimum value.

To demonstrate an example where there is plenty of information, go to: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klondike_Big_Inch_Land_Promotion

This was one of the strangest “subdivisions” of all time. In 1955 Quaker oats bought 19.11 acres of Yukon territory, and printed 21 million deeds of 1 square inch of land to give away with their oatmeal. They paid $1,000 for the whole 19.11 acres - but how much were 21 million square inches worth separately? Well, in as much as the entire parcel was reclaimed by Canada for failure to pay $37.20 in back taxes, its fair to say that it was probably made worthless. To put it another way, poor planning of a subdivision destroyed 100% of the value of the land.

NEVER refinance your home this way!

In the lending/appraisal world there is something called a “Drive-by” or “exterior only” appraisal. These are performed on a 2055 FNMA form and have a scope of work that is limited to an inspection “from the street” only. According to the scope of work, the appraiser then assumes that the interior is consistent with the exterior of the home (in condition and quality).

There are times where these are needed - pre-foreclosure is the most common need. The bank can’t gain access to the home, but needs to know the value of the home to make financial decisions.

“REFINANCE, much less a FULL REFINANCE should NEVER be performed based on an exterior-only report. You are asking to go under water if you allow your bank to do this to save $100.”

We can not say this strongly enough. Please, ask your bank what kind of appraisal they are ordering, and demand a full appraisal to save yourself thousands. We ran across a case recently that illustrates the dangers of using the wrong type of appraisal:

1. In 2016 we performed an exterior-only appraisal for a lender. The home had been fully updated on the exterior. We were asked to not contact the homeowner in the engagement letter. Therefore we complied with the required scope of work and appraised the home under the hypothetical condition that the interior matched the exterior. The final opinion of value was $105,000.

2. The bank then made a loan on the property based on a 90% loan to value ratio: $94,500.

3. Now in 2019, we were asked to perform a full appraisal on the home. The exterior is still in very good shape… but stepping through the front door is a journey back in time. Well maintained, but nothing updated since the 1970s. The value of the home now: $85,000. After three years of mortgage payments, the homeowner is now $3,000 in the hole.

How did this happen, did we perform a bad report? We immediately double-checked our work and found that the report was a credible appraisal of what we were asked to appraise. However, the lender should NEVER have been allowed to write that loan based on that appraisal (that’s a FNMA, federal lending regulations issue).

We close this blog with a warning from the past about the cost of liberty. We might insert the phrase “financial liberty,” here to emphasize our point. The borrower must educate themselves about the loan process in order to not be taken advantage of by those whose financial interest is not concerned in the slightest with their own. We write these blogs for anyone involved in real estate in hopes that a more educated populace with lead to a more financially free populace.

What is a "Comp?"

Imagine home valuation in this neighborhood. Every house identical… except for the ones next to the industrial site.

As a VA Panel appraiser, we have access to something called “Tidewater” on VA orders. This allows us to reach out to the lender and ask for what the agent used to assist their client in pricing/making an offer on the home in question (most lenders discourage this in any other transaction). This means that over the years we have received properties from real estate agents on properties where we had a question as to the rationale used to develop a contract price.

Sometimes the properties we get are great comparables, already in our search or overlooked somehow, and immediately included in the report. Sometimes they aren’t “comps” at all. So what is a “Comp?”

A “Comparable Property” is: “Able to be compared to the subject property”

1. A property that the buyer pool would likely also have considered in their search

   • For standard homes, comps are all similar in nearly every area (location, condition, size, lot size, etc) and this makes the analysis far simpler.

   • For unique homes, comps may only be very similar in one area, and a wide group of comps is used to bracket all of the various features (if the home is a 3,000 sqft 1 bedroom home, you may have a 3000 sqft 2 bedroom, and a 1500 sqft 1 bedroom as comps to bracket both features because the subject is very unique in this combination of features).

2. A recent sale. Most lenders have a default desire for sales within 90 days. However, in rural areas, this is likely to be impossible. Sometimes the most recent comparable property sold 2 years ago. In which case more recent sales that are less comparable will be included and adjusted, but the dated comparable will also be included to help develop the opinion of value.

A “Comparable Property” isn’t:

1. A listing. Listings can be helpful for agents in pricing a property, but they only tell half the story. They tell, “How much do sellers want,” but not the other half of the story, “how much are buyers willing to pay.” Listings may give some information, but sometimes they are deceptive. Over the course of the past 3 years as Indiana County sale prices declined, for 2 years listing prices were increasing.

2. Always a sale that is close in price to the subject contract. Sometimes we get a list of properties that are right at/near the contract price… but they’re all in superior condition, size, acreage, etc. That means that they support a lower value for the subject. Because, no two homes are the same, true comparables are a little better and a little worse than the subject in various factors.

3. An average of local sales. We had this provided once, and in the agent’s defense, it was a very hard market to appraise in. Taking an average of the local market and giving it with a list of local sales to the appraiser is not “comps.”

If you’re going to provide comparables to an appraiser make sure they are comparable.

For more quidance on comparable selection:

http://www.workingre.com/three-dangerous-ways-choose-comps/

https://sacramentoappraisalblog.com/2014/10/30/how-to-pull-comps-like-an-appraiser/

https://birminghamappraisalblog.com/appraisal/what-does-the-appraiser-do-when-there-are-no-comps/

"Latent Fire Hazard"- Federal Pacific Stab lok Breakers

If this looks familiar, contact an electrician today.

Sadly, after 4 decades of warnings, proof that Federal Pacific falsified their testing data for UL, and testing that shows 1 in 3 Stab-Lok breakers are defective, we still find homes that are serviced by these breakers. Between 1950 and 1980 Federal Pacific sold millions of these breakers that were installed nationwide. Sadly, the USCPSC found that it would be too costly to recall these breakers in 1983. An estimated 2,800 fires, 13 deaths and $40,000,000 in property damage are caused per year.

In our years of appraising, we have asked many firemen and electricians about these breakers. Most firemen use a series of expletives in regards to them, followed by “replace them immediately.” Electricians have a similar reaction. Theoretically, if an electrician were to certify that the panel is safe, it would not need to be replaced, however, in nearly 20 years we have never met an electrician willing to take on that risk.

This is not a risk that anyone is willing to certify as “safe” and not one that homeowners should live with. For your safety and the safety of your household, have these panels replaced immediately.

For more information:

https://www.homeinspector.org/HomeInspectionNews/despite-previous-safety-concerns-this-circuit-breaker-is-still-in-homes.5-9-2018.2154/Details/Story

https://blog.societyinsurance.com/why-you-should-replace-federal-pacific-stab-lok-panels/

http://www.startribune.com/fpe-stab-lok-electric-panels-don-t-need-to-be-inspected-they-need-to-be-replaced/131912743/?refresh=true

How much is an acre worth?

We get this question a lot: How much is an acre of land worth in [Location], and like so many things in real estate, it depends. For purposes of this blog lets perform a thought experiment with the following property.

Here we see a 67-acre parcel of land in Athlone, Ireland, but for our purposes, lets set that aside. This single parcel has 1) Road frontage on what appears to be a major roadway, 2) River frontage in the top right, 3) What appears to be agricultural land in much of the center, 4) and lets assume for this case that the dark area in the upper left is an industrial site.

So, what is an acre of land worth in this parcel? Clearly there could be many answers, but this begins to get our mind to ask the right questions.

What is the Highest and Best Use - There are 4 tests that a property should pass in order to determine the market value of that property.

Physically Possible - What can physically be done with the property? Obviously placing a Boat Marina on the road frontage area is not physically possible, but perhaps it is on the river.

Legally Permissible - If I build a home on the riverfront, only to find out that the law prohibits building in that area due to flooding, then I will have wasted a great deal of time and money.

Financial Feasible - Perhaps its possible and permissible to build a home on the riverfront, but the soil there requires such extreme needs in terms of foundational work that the resulting home that one would build would cost too much for anyone in the market to purchase.

Most Profitable - If given a choice between equally possible, permissible and feasible plans, which would create the greatest value? For example, should the 67 acres be one single-family dwelling lot or 67 1-acre lots for a subdivision? Lot values for the second will very likely be much higher than the first, and this may be the better case.

All of these factors will affect the buyer pool, which will ultimately set the market value. Individuals looking for hunting land pay less than farmers looking for cleared land, and these pay less than land developers. Why? Because there is more profit to be had as we go up through those buyers’ interests.

Within those four questions, the following items are given consideration

What are the External Factors - is the site located next to an industrial site, near a nuclear power plant, near a paper mill - then expect that the land will demand a lower price.

What are the Internal Factors - is the property cleared and level, or a cliffside of giant boulders?

Land valuation may seem simple, until all of the factors that affect the market value of land are considered. Here is a graph of vacant land sales in Armstrong County and an analysis of 3 primary factors.

Above we see three types of vacant land transfers graphed on a price/acre per acre basis. Orange - vacant land that transferred with Oil, Gas and Mineral rights. Grey - vacant land that was suitable building sites. Blue - Vacant land that was not a suitable building site at the time of transfer (either the property was heavily wooded, the topography would prohibit it, etc). Here are some takeaways:

1. We see the law of diminishing returns at work in all three: The more of something that you have, the less each additional piece is worth.

2. The vacant land with OGM rights intact is very similar to the shape of the graph of those without OGM rights. The difference can in fact help in the process of extracting the value of the right to extract oil, gas, and minerals from a property (which is very different from the valuation of the oil, gas and minerals themselves). Appraisers do not value OGM rights in appraisals for lending purposes. This is because banks do not place a lien against those rights typically. In other words, if the land is purchased as well as the OGM rights, the OGM rights can be sold off separately from the land itself.

3. Buildable lots have a more steep decline. Most buildable lots in Armstrong county are of the 5-10 acre variety, and very few are buying 100 acre lots to build their new home. As a result, there is a higher demand for lower acreage building lots, and therefore a higher price per acre.

So, how much is an acre worth? It depends, on a lot.

Lead Based Paint

The classic cracking/scaling pattern of lead based paint. If you see this, there is a high likelihood that your home/structure has lead based paint.

Since the ongoing crisis in the Flint Michigan water supply, lead has been in the news nationwide. Lead is one of the most destructive substances to childhood development as it attacks the brain and central nervous system, and at highest levels can cause coma, convulsions, and death.

“At lower levels of exposure that cause no obvious symptoms lead is now known to produce a spectrum of injury across multiple body systems. In particular lead can affect children’s brain development resulting in reduced intelligence quotient (IQ), behavioural changes such as reduced attention span and increased antisocial behavior, and reduced educational attainment. Lead exposure also causes anaemia, hypertension, renal impairment, immunotoxicity and toxicity to the reproductive organs. The neurological and behavioural effects of lead are believed to be irreversible.”

— World Health Organization

With such horrifying effects, it is no wonder why the FHA / USDA and VA will not underwrite a loan unless Lead Based paint is properly treated. Today we will tackle some in-home investigating and treatments that you can perform to keep your family safe:

Investigating Lead Paint - excerpts taken from House Logic

The EPA has recognized the following in-home tests for discovering if your home has lead paint present:

For wood and metal surfaces: https://leadpaintepasupplies.com/lead-test-kits/

For wood, metal, drywall and plaster surfaces: https://www.esca-tech.com/ProductDetail.php?category=2700&productnum=LPTK

These tests work in a similar fashion, in which a swab of the surface is taken and a chemical reaction takes place in the presence of lead in order to reveal a color indicator.

Please note: While these tests may give you peace of mind, they will not suffice to exclude your home from needing larger remediation in the case of FHA/USDA/VA financing for a loan. The level of testing that would be required by federal guidelines is usually far higher than the cost to encapsulate any supposed lead paint.

Remediating Suspected Lead Based Paint

HUD/EPA’s policy infers that there is a high likelihood that any home built prior to 1978 has had lead-based paint at some point, and so all homes built before this date MUST have all chipping and peeling paint remediated by the following methods:

1. The surface must be scraped to remove all loose and peeling paint. Those chips can not be left on the ground however, as this is a risk to the ground and water being contaminated with lead.

2. The surface must then be painted to encapsulate the remaining surface.

Dust is the primary means that lead can enter the body, so this process should be performed carefully. HUD provides extensive guidelines for the entire process, available here.

Information

https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/lead-poisoning-and-health

https://www.hud.gov/program_offices/healthy_homes/healthyhomes/lead

https://www.epa.gov/lead/protect-your-family-exposures-lead

https://www.webmd.com/women/lead-paint#1

Treatment

https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/lead/renovation_repair_painting/encapsulants.htm

Market Data Analysis: Declining Markets

Telling someone that their house has lost value won’t make many friends, but it will distinguish you as a real estate professional if you can analyze a market and be honest. The national news has talked about housing prices increasing yearly for nearly a decade now, and some areas of greater Pittsburgh has matched those trends at some times, others have remained flat, and others have declined. Today we look at some declining markets, and how to use simple tools to visually determine if there is a decline, and at what rate.

The above is the national median sales price trend since 1990 vs. the builder cost trend. We can see the slow down in real estate around 1990, the decline of 2008 some possible trends emerging now. However, the first thing that we should note is that VERY FEW areas in the greater Pittsburgh area have seen increases this aggressive. SO, before any seller says, “I bought my house 3 years ago, and houses have gone up nationwide by 3% per year… so my house is worth 9% more?”

The above are homes that are from across Indiana County that are of a higher quality construction. This is not merely a limit of, for example $200,000 and above (limiting a data search by a hard number like that will skew the results of the analysis). In appraisal language, these properties are all Q2-3 homes (For the definition: http://www.bradfordsoftware.com/uad/UAD_Glossary.pdf)).

Over the last 3 years (after a reassessment in Indiana County that sparked a spike in selling, and reduction in property values) the above data points represent the higher quality sales across the county. Once selected, these sales (with sale date, sale price, and original sales price) were placed in an Excel Spreadsheet. The data points were then graphed and a trend line calculated for each using the tools within Excel. We observe a few things above:

1. There is a clear convergence of the scatter plot around a downward trend (with the exception of a few recent sales. Those two sales were some of the largest properties in the analysis, and one of them sold 23% below the original list price and stayed on the market for 2 years).

2. The trend line indicates a median decline of $19.45 per day. When calculated with the median sales price of $325,500 this comes out to an annual decline of 2.18% per year among these homes. This is then a starting point from which we can refine the decline - however, this is a great starting point from which to make sure we’re taking a possible declining market into consideration.

3. From other analysis of Indiana County as a whole, we’ve seen that some of the hardest-hit areas “may” be finding a bottom. There is the possibility that those recent high sales will result in a similar possible turn OR those recent lower sales would indicate that the decline continues. In six months, we’ll know for sure what is happening right now.

That is perhaps the most frustrating part of market analysis. Its always rear looking. While our “gut” might tell us that the market is “hot,” data is needed to be a professional. Look at the above graph one last time. The original list price trend is falling at 3.98%, 180% faster than sales prices. Why? Because sellers and their agents were way off 3 years ago, and are only recently starting to get to close to realistic sales prices. Our gut is susceptible to “confirmation bias,” in this case, the desire to see a stronger market than what really exists.

Do yourself a favor,

1. Run the data on your market areas on at least an annual basis to stay on top of what the markets are really doing.

2. Read our county reports that we distribute throughout the year for wider trends.

3. Stay abreast of the national market data, but don’t put too much weight on it.

CMA Toolkit: Test your list price.

When preparing your CMA, one of the best steps you can take is to test your list price. The process is pretty simple but easy to skip. Let’s go through the basics of a great CMA.

1. Look at the history of the market area of your property. This will give you an idea of the high-low range that the area can handle. Three years is a good time-frame to look at.

2. Narrow in on properties characteristics like yours. Now that you have the broad range, begin to narrow in on property characteristics that matter. If your property is a 4 bedroom home, eliminate the 2 bedroom sales. If your property has 1 bathroom, throw out everything above 2 baths. If your property has been recently updated, throw out the REO. Now you have a much smaller indicated range.

3. Get picky. Now that you’ve trimmed from possibly 100’s down to 20, select those 3-5 properties most like yours. This will give you a much tighter range within which to advise your buyer/seller.

4. Test your price. The steps so far should get you in the ballpark, but “confirmation bias” can be sneaky. Its time to see if you were truly objective. Take the price that you’ve come to and do a search in your market area of a (for starters, it may need to be tighter or wider) 10% plus/minus. Start looking at your property list and ask yourself the question, if I had $(Price) to spend, would I buy the house I’m looking at or this house.

   In appraiser speak, this is called sensitivity analysis: The ability to look at two things and determine which is superior. As you move through the list of properties you should find the space where your property falls, the sweet spot, and that should inform the price that you place on the property.

   If cheaper homes are better than yours - your price is too high. If higher-priced homes aren’t as nice as yours - your price is too low.

Home valuation is tough - that’s why appraisers have 300 hours of education and 1500 hours of experience before they can sit for their license. If you ever need advice, don’t hesitate to call. We also offer in-office training for free for real estate agents on a variety of real estate topics, including FHA/USDA/VA financing, CMA preparation, and others.

Data Coop: Can it be trusted?

WOW… look at all that information. Surely, there is something useful in there!

Summary Opinion: Data Coop is like drinking from a firehose… you will be all wet, but not very satisfied. There is a ton of data, and some of it could be useful sometime, but relying on that data “as-is” for anything close to credible would be foolhardy.

The West Penn Multi List has brought CoreLogic’s “Data Coop” live this week. So lets take it for a spin. A look at 5001 Pioneer Court (an active listing) above gives us basic information available in the typical MLS sheet, but then expands that information to other publicly available info.

When we pull up the “Neighborhood report",” we get some statistics for the Murrysville mailing address, and at first this appears that it would be a useful tool to hand to a prospective buyer, but then we get the following:

These are the three nearest schools to this property… however, none of them are in the subject property’s school district, or even in the same county. This is immediately concerning because if this information were to be relied upon to inform a buyer, we could be liable for misinformation.

As we go further into the report, we find that the Data Coop offers an AVM (Automated Valuation Model).

Here we are given a list of 5 properties, all from Franklin Regional SD, with a range of sales prices from $258,000 - $325,000, and four of those properties being in the same plan being being $273,000, $315,000, $320,000 and $325,000. So, where does the AVM come in… $362,000? It seems that the AVM is placing greatest weight on the current listing price, which would be $40,000 higher than the highest sale in the last 3 years. We’ve performed this same kind of analysis in more difficult areas to appraise, and in addition to crossing county lines, the AVM also crosses school district lines. These practices are typically only performed in the case of highly unique homes and require a great deal of analysis.

These are truly troubling. There is a lot of information here, but there doesn’t appear to be any rhyme or reason to it. This is important because CoreLogic claims to be the foremost leader in home valuation technology. Their data is actively used by government organizations, but appraisers regularly report that the information that they are deriving their data from is flawed, and the analysis they are performing is deeply flawed.

I'm sorry Chip and Joanna Gaines lied to you.

We love Chip and Joanna Gaines - they’re cute, spunky, hard working folks. They’re an adorable couple, but sometimes we cringe at the real estate statements that come out of their mouths - and they are some of the better ones on HGTV. Chip and Joanna claim to “take the worst house in the best neighborhood, and turn it into our clients dream home,” and on its face, this sounds pretty good. In home valuation language they are trying to buy under improvements for the neighborhood, which are usually a good deal, and below market value, but then there is the second half. A “dream home'“ is often code for “over improvement for the neighborhood,” and typically see lower market values compared to their costs. With that said, lets look at some of the half truths and hidden land mines that you want to avoid if you’re following Chip and Joanna’s example.

1. “Fixer-uppers” don’t usually qualify for financing.

   Its a rude awakening when you find your dream “fixer upper,” place your offer and then the bank comes back and informs you that the condition of the home won’t qualify for your loan. Lenders have minimum property requirements that a home must meet in order to secure financing. The short thing to remember here is: Is the home 1) Safe - are there obvious safety concerns that endanger inhabitants of the home, 2) Structurally Sound - is the home going to stick around for 30 years, or does it need a major structural overhaul, and 3) Can the property qualify for the particular type of loan you need (chipping and peeling paint will hold up a FHA/USDA/VA loan, etc). There are loans that can be used for fixer-uppers, but you need to know to ask for them: FHA 203k / FNMA/VA Renovation loans. These loans allow you to obtain quotes from contractors and take out a loan for the final total cost versus the final market value of the home once renovated.

2. Cost does not equal value.

   “I’m going to buy a $20,000 home in a $30,000 neighborhood and put $50,000 into it! So, Chip and Joanna taught me that will add $50,000-$100,000 dollars, right?!

   No. That’s not how any of this works.

   You’ve priced your property out of the market, and unless a very foolish person comes in with $100,000 cash, you’ve probably thrown away nearly $40,000. The mantra that every renovator needs to memorize is “Cost does not equal value.” Its a simple and silly illustration, but it works: how much does a fourth full size pool add to value. Anyone can see that cost doesn’t equal value in this case, but it holds true across the board. In any renovation, you must keep in mind a few things to see the largest return on your investment:

   1. What is the high end of our market?

      This should help you set your maximum budget. If you bought your home for $50,000 and the highest sale in the last 3 years was $70,000, spending anything more than $20,000, even in all the right areas, is probably throwing money away.

   2. What is typical for my market?

      If your market expects 2 bathrooms, and you only have 1, then its probably wise to add a 2nd from a return on investment perspective. However, in the same neighborhood, its probably foolish to add a 4th. This is true of materials to, if the market expects laminate flooring, don’t expect a large return for marble.

3. Fixing up a home is romantic - but where is the baby going to sleep?

   Drywall dust is a horrible thing for babies. Take into consideration what your life is going to be like during your dream renovation to ensure it doesn’t become a nightmare. Get a realistic plan and budget before you embark on the journey and then be prepared for adjustments. A contractor can help a great deal to tell you how much your dream project will cost - but an appraiser can tell you how much that dream will be worth, so it doesn’t become a nightmare.

4. “Fixer-uppers” can quickly become “over-improvements.”

   As noted in this Realtor’s opinion of the market area of Waco Texas, these big beautiful homes that Chip and Joanne build have a hard time being sold for what they cost to build.

   https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/waco-realtor-reveals-big-problem-194513387.html

   Builders don’t make markets, buyers do. If there is no one willing to buy a home in a market for more than $250,000, then it doesn’t matter if you put $2,000,000 into it - the ceiling is $250,000. Barring a cash buyer with no knowledge of the area, you’re going to be eating crow and Ramen Noodles for a while.

5. The Shotgun House

   This episode is so jam packed full of very bizarre real estate decisions/statements, that we need to comment. Lets walk down the list:

   1. They find a home that they are given… that doesn’t usually happen. Further, they are offered reclaimed materials for free… this doesn’t usually happen either.

   2. They move the home to a lot they’ve already purchased. This will make anything but a cash deal nearly impossible.

   3. The home they are given is 1 of 2 left in the city. In a city with a population of approximately 130,000, to have 1 of 2 of something is either very good, or very bad, and in the case of this one bed room home, its not looking good. In home valuation language this home “does not conform to the market” which would exclude it from some financing (even in perfect condition).

   4. At the end of the show they do some funny math, the cost of the lot + the cost of renovation = the value. We’re sure that Chip and Joanna didn’t mean to commit a violation of Texas Appraisal Procedures that could result in a fine, but when they used the word value, they did. Furthermore, this simplistic game of addition, is misleading to the buyer and the viewer. To put it simply, cost does not equal value.

   So what happened then? After a short time the owners, who were told that the house was worth approximately $140,000 attempted to sell it for $950,000, and it sat, and never sold.

   Shocker.

   However, we do want to bring in another interesting point. Zillow claims to have accurate home valuation tools (verbiage that they have been sued over), when you look at the numbers, you see is really more a shell game. In this case, they were consistent with that strategy. A look at the Zestimate history above reveals that Zillow grossly over estimated the land value by 250%. Then when the county assessed the home at approximately the cost of the purchase plus improvements, it simply mirrored the assessment (assessments are not appraisals, and are not good indicators of market value, but they have more credibility than Zillow). Then, when the house was listed for $950,000, the Zestimate shot up to $750,000, before retreating slowly over a year to a level 5-8% higher than before the listing.

   That is how Zillow claims “accuracy.” Their algorithm weights listings heavily assuming that agents have properly informed sellers, and then if the sale closes near that price, Zillow can claim accuracy. However, if the price is way off base and never closes, Zillow moves back to their old math and no comparison of accuracy can be made. So their data on their accuracy is incredibly skewed to act as if they are credible, when in fact, they are just piggy backing on agent’s accuracy (which is FAR better than Zillow).

A few closing thoughts:

1. HGTV can give you some neat ideas to spruce up your home, but get a professional opinion on the big financial decisions. Builders don’t operate in the world of “value” but rather “cost.”

2. Neither Chip or Joanna Gaines are licenced appraisers (per TALCB https://www.talcb.texas.gov/), yet they regularly offer the “market value” of the properties both before and after repairs. Per USPAP, this constitutes an appraisal. Per Texas TALCB rules, only an appraiser can perform an appraisal and performing an appraisal without a license can result in a fine of $1,500-$5,000 per time. Over 5 seasons, that brings their total potential liability to the Texas Appraiser Licensing and Certification Board to between $237,000-$790,000.

3. Never, ever trust Zillow. https://sacramentoappraisalblog.com/2019/05/01/two-things-to-understand-about-zillows-accuracy-rate/

For more on this topic, read below:

https://www.fatherly.com/play/chip-and-joanna-gaines-use-hgtv-to-lie-to-middle-class-homebuyers/

https://birminghamappraisalblog.com/appraisal-tips/an-appraisers-take-on-the-fixer-upper-craze/

https://www.realtor.com/advice/home-improvement/lessons-i-learned-fixing-up-my-outdated-fixer-upper/

Click Here to Explore Blogs by Topic

The Downsizing Trend: A Path to Wealth.

As the largest generation in 100 years comes into retirement, they are following the general trend - downsize. However, the younger generations are not following the historic trend of increasing the size of their homes. As supply rises and demand falls, there can only be one outcome, price declines.

““Big houses are a waste. People are still in a mode of thinking about houses that is kind of 19th century. As we modernize, we don’t need all this space,””

— Nobel Prize-winning economist and Yale University professor Robert Shiller

Big homes have large open to below spaces (heating empty air), larger lots (with more maintenance), exclusive neighborhoods (with HOA fees and regulations), and there appears to be a generation who isn’t interested in any of these things. What was once seen as a status symbol of success is increasingly being seen as a liability that keeps people from doing the things that they want to do.This is consistent with the data that shows that the fastest growing part of the market inventory is the $750,000 range nationwide, and that the market needs 15% more in the $100,000-340,000 range to achieve equilibrium (read here for more information). If this trend continues we expect to see increasing declines in higher end homes over the next 20 years, and there may be evidence that it has already begun in our areas. Indiana County has been experiencing property median price declines for the past 3 years, and, higher quality homes do not appear to be immune. However, the area of Monroeville has seen pockets of increase over the last 3 years, yet higher quality median home prices appear to be declining.

"The key to wealth building is to live in a home that one can easily afford," Sarah Stanley Fallaw, the director of research for the Affluent Market Institute, wrote in her book "The Next Millionaire Next Door: Enduring Strategies for Building Wealth." Stanley Fallaw studied 600 millionaires and found that most of the them had never purchased a home that cost more than triple the amount of their annual income.

While home ownership is a great possible part of building wealth, the old conventional wisdom that property values only ever go up, has been proven to be broken. THE ONE sure fire way to build wealth is to live well below your means, and that includes where you decide to live.

For more on the topic, read these articles:

Yale economist says large homes are a waste of money.

The growing trend towards downsizing.

A loan is not a right

The United States banking industry is stuck in a cycle:

1. Lend on very good homes, to very good creditors, for low interest rates

2. Lend on average homes to average creditors for average interest rates

3. Lend of bad homes to bad creditors for high interest rates

4. Watch as the financial system collapses

5. Rinse and repeat.

Right now we’re somewhere around stage 3, as lenders find fewer and fewer individuals of good and average credit scores with healthy assets to lend on. Unless we change our thinking in this regard, it is our fear that history will eventually repeat itself.

A part of breaking out of this cycle is to understand the idea that a loan is not a right. A right is a moral or legal entitlement to a thing. None of us have the moral or legal entitlement to someone else’s money- that is called theft. Rather, we do have the right to be viewed equally within the process of attempting to obtain a loan (this is why discrimination on the basis of race, religion, etc is illegal). However, it is important to understand that that equality of examination may still result in some not obtaining a loan.

1. Some will not meet income guidelines

2. Some will not meet down payment guidelines

3. Some will not meet asset guidelines - the home will fail to qualify

We might agree that individuals in the greatest country on earth should have the ability to access the dream of owning a home. We might agree that “something” needs to be done. However, reducing the qualification of the above is a direct path to cyclical financial collapse. The issues that keep some from home ownership are far deeper than a few regulations and banking policies. They stretch back 100 years to immigration laws, red lining, the antebellum south’s policies, the great migration, and others. There are very real injustices that have affected generations. Recently, in a House committee meeting a few congress persons suggested that appraisers were to blame for the injustices in the data. This is deeply disturbing. Ryan Lundquist has written an informative article on the topic that we hope you will take time to read:

Click here to read more.

In short, appraisers have a public and fiduciary trust to report the real property conditions and market value of a property - not produce reform one property at a time. This would betray the principles of the entire profession. Loan officers/Underwriters also have a trust to write good loans. Congress too has a trust, to ensure that the playing field is level for all participants and to discipline those who tip the scales. Appraisers have been inaccurately blamed in the past (our lobby in Washington is nonexistent, so we’re an easy scapegoat) but power rests in the hands of many others to produce solutions to these looming issues.

Market Data Analysis: Location Part 2

Today we turn our attention to high value homes and a factor that affects market value. For this we will take a birds eye view of an area. This is a look at two school districts’ sales over the past 10 years at the $400,000+ price range. If you had to draw a line dividing the two school districts, without any other help, where would you draw it?

Zooming in on the southern end of the map we see the density remain in the south west portion, and drastically become more spread out to the east and north.

Using the above school district maps we see that the density of $400,000+ sales over ten years highly corresponds to these maps. In the same way that you might draw a line with a pen on the maps above, for ten years buyers have been drawing the line with the wallets.

But why? Franklin Regional is closer to the metro area and its amenities, but the sharp line indicates that this is not the only story. If we look at homes of $400,000+ in the Kiski School District over that same time (32 vs. the 305 in Franklin Regional), we see a median sale price of $442,500 (vs $553,827 in Franklin Regional) and a median acreage of 8.73 acres (vs 1.55 acres in Franklin Regional).

Buyers and sellers are sending a clear message - these two markets are not comparable. If you ever represent a property on the border of a school district, before you assume that you can use sales from across the border, make sure that the market data supports that assumption.

For more on this: https://www.housingwire.com/articles/49830-half-of-homebuyers-with-kids-base-purchase-on-school-district?fbclid=IwAR33nnrqBUS-MEkKBiP8nq6lvwiEnb1RGQbyHcLwjkLZKOzQm0jdfZhe-sc